platanoïdes, Tilia cordata, Coryllus avellana, Carpinus betulus, Quercus pubescens, Buxus sempervirens, F. incana), (2) a progression of hardwoods ( F. The main effects of the hydrological change were: (1) a regression in softwoods ( S. More recently, hydroelectric development of the Rhône valley has led to severe changes in by-pass sections, causing a reduction in wetted areas and lowering of the water table by up to 1 m in some areas. From the middle of the 19th century, anthropogenic pressure began to increase along the river corridor, and hard wood species such as Fraxinus excelsior progressively colonized river margins ( Marigo et al. Plant succession was usually reset at a softwood stage ( Salix daphnoïdes, Salix purpurea, Salix eleagnos, Salix viminalis, Salix alba, Alnus incana), with the more mature species being poplars ( Populus nigra). Coarse sediments (sand, gravels and pebbles) were displaced by floods and constituted unstable bars. During the 18th century, allogenic successions occurred in braided sections with a strong rejuvenation process of fluvial landforms. The ecological features of alluvial forests depend on geomorphology (braided, meandering, anastomosing). Upper terraces were used for agriculture and lower terraces as grassland. During the 18th century, forests were limited to the riverbanks (riparian forest) and islands. Jean-Paul Bravard, in Rivers of Europe, 2009 7.5.3 Floodplain ForestsĪlluvial forests have decreased by ∼50–80% during the past 50 years, being replaced by agriculture and other human activities. Use on dirty skin or deep wounds (surface may heal too fast trapping dirt and pus).Jean-Michel Olivier. The plant has centuries of use with beneficial results.Ĭontraindications: Internal use in liver disease, pregnancy & lactation, or in infants. Toxicity reports are based on isolated compounds, not on the whole plant usage. Note: The current debate about whether to use Symphytum internally is due to concern over the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, specifically the echimidine alkaloid found primarily in the root. Toxicity: Alkaloids have been shown to cause veno-occlusive disease of the liver (one documented human case and in rats). If using for longer than 2 months test liver enzymes and question whether this is the best herb to use. Note: Short-term dosing (2-3 weeks on and 2-3 weeks off – repeat as needed). Pharmacy: Infusion (leaves) 5 g/cup, TID. Decoction: 5 g/cup, TID. Cold extraction (mucilage). Tincture: (1:5, 25%), 2-4 ml TID. Fluid extract: (1:1, 25%) 1-3 ml TID. Ointment, Cream, Lotion, Fomentation, Compresses, Poultices, Washes, Baths. Silicic acid helps preserve elasticity of connective tissue, controls Ca+ absorption and is needed for bone and cartilage formation.Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepato-toxic and carcinogenic.Allantoin promotes wound healing through cell proliferation and is anti-inflammatory.Phenolic acid rosmarinic is anti-inflammatory.Bronchial irritation and irritated coughs with hemoptysis respond well. External use of Symphytum is well indicated for a variety of conditions such as sore muscles, bone fractures, sprains, ligament tears and any damage to aching joints. The astringent action of Symphytum also reduces hemorrhage associated with uclers and colitis. These conditions respond to the demulcent, vulnerary, astringent, antihemorrhagic, and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant. Medicinal use: Internal use of Symphytum is indicated in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, and shallow G.I. Medicinal actions: Anti-hemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, expectorant, anti-rheumatic, cell-proliferant, vulnerary, demulcent, hemostatic, cell proliferant (root), wound/tissue healer, bone healer Symphytum officinalis Common name: ComfreyĬonstituents: Alkaloid (pyrrolizidine) (root only), mucilage, gum, tannin, triterpenes (sitosterols, stigmasterol, steroidal saponins), silicic acid, phenolic acid (caffeic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic), allantoin, asparagine, choline, chlorophyll (higher in leaves, Ca, K+, P, trace minerals, vitamins A and C).
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